Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is an inflammatory condition that affects the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. It starts with gingivitis, characterized by inflamed and bleeding gums, and can progress to periodontitis, causing gum recession, bone loss, and tooth mobility.

Periodontal disease is primarily caused by bacterial plaque buildup on the teeth and gums. Poor oral hygiene, smoking, genetic predisposition, hormonal changes, certain medications, and systemic conditions such as diabetes can increase the risk of developing periodontal disease.

Signs and symptoms of periodontal disease may include swollen, red, or tender gums, bleeding gums during brushing or flossing, persistent bad breath, receding gums, loose teeth, changes in the fit of dentures, and pockets or spaces forming between teeth and gums.

Periodontal disease is diagnosed through a comprehensive dental examination, including a visual inspection of the gums, measurements of pocket depths using a periodontal probe, dental X-rays to assess bone loss, and possibly other diagnostic tests such as a bacterial analysis.

Yes, periodontal disease can often be prevented through good oral hygiene practices, including brushing teeth twice daily with fluoride toothpaste, flossing daily, eating a balanced diet, avoiding tobacco use, and attending regular dental check-ups and cleanings.

Treatment for periodontal disease depends on the severity and progression of the condition. It may involve non-surgical therapies such as scaling and root planing (deep cleaning), antibiotic therapy, and locally applied antimicrobials. In advanced cases, surgical interventions such as flap surgery or bone grafting may be necessary.

Yes, periodontal disease has been linked to various systemic health conditions, including heart disease, diabetes, respiratory infections, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Chronic inflammation and bacterial spread from the oral cavity may contribute to systemic inflammation and exacerbate existing health problems.

While periodontal disease itself is not contagious, the bacteria that cause gum disease can be spread through saliva, particularly through activities such as kissing or sharing utensils. However, individual susceptibility to developing gum disease varies based on factors such as oral hygiene and immune response.

Yes, untreated periodontal disease can lead to tooth loss over time. As the disease progresses, the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gums and bone, become compromised, leading to tooth mobility and eventual tooth loss if not adequately treated.

While early-stage gum disease (gingivitis) can often be reversed with proper oral hygiene and professional dental care, advanced periodontitis resulting in irreversible damage to the gums and bone cannot be fully reversed. However, effective treatment and ongoing maintenance can halt the progression of the disease and prevent further damage.